Freedonia, Fredonia or Fredon is the name given to several fictional countries. The term Freedonia was later popularized by the 1933 Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. Over time, however, the word has come to have a more generic meaning. It can be anything from a noun describing a plausible yet fictional country, to an adjective ('Freedonian') used to characterize a place like the Freedonia of Duck Soup. Because the Marx Brothers' Freedonia had so many qualities—autocracy, diminutiveness, and obscurity, to name but a few—a place can be described as 'Freedonian' for having any one of these qualities.
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Usage[edit]
1800s[edit]
As a name for the United States[edit]
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Dr Samuel Mitchill suggested that 'Fredonian' be used by citizens of the United States ('Fredon') after the American Revolution in place of the demonym 'American', which was then being used as a pejorative term by the metropolitan English to refer to 'their inferior and far-removed colonists'.[1] In Vol. VI, Part IV, of the Medical Repository, 1803, pp. 449–50, Mitchill, wrote the following under the heading of 'Medical and Philosophical News':
Proposal to the American literati, and to all the citizens of the United States, to employ the following names and epithets for the country and nation to which they belong; which, at the distance of 27 years from the declaration and of 20 years from the acknowledgment of their independence, are to this day destitute of proper geographical and political denominations, whereby they may be aptly distinguished from the other regions and peoples of the earth:
Fredon, the aggregate noun for the whole territory of the United States.
Fredonia, a noun of same import, for rhetorical and poetical use.
Fredonian, a sonorous name for 'a citizen of the United States'.
Frede, a short and colloquial name for 'a citizen of the United States'.
Fredish, an adjective to denote the relations and concerns of the United States
Example. Fredon is probably better supplied with the materials of her own history than Britain, France, or any country in the world, and the reason is obvious, for the attention of the Fredonians was much sooner directed, after their settlement, to the collection and preservations of their facts and records than that of the Dutch and Irish. Hence it will happen that the events of Fredish history will be more minutely known and better understood than those of Russian, Turkish, or Arabic. And thereby the time will be noted carefully when a native of this land, on being asked who he is and whence he came, began to answer in one word that he is a Frede, instead of using the tedious circumlocution that he was 'a citizen of the United States of America.' And in the like manner notice will be taken of the association of Fredonia and Macedonia and Caledonia as a word equally potent and melodious in sound.
Republic of Fredonia[edit]
In December 1826, a group of Anglo-American settlers and filibusters led by EmpresarioHaden Edwards in what is now Texas, declared the 'Republic of Fredonia' centered in the town of Nacogdoches. This was the first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico and form an independent state. The republic was short-lived however, lasting only from December 21, 1826 – January 23, 1827 when Mexican soldiers and Anglo militia men from Stephen F. Austin's colony put the rebellion down.[2]
1930s[edit]
In the Marx Brother's film Duck Soup, the tiny fictitious county of Freedonia ('Land of the Brave, and Free') is suffering from severe financial problems and government leaders request a loan from wealthy widow Mrs. Teasdale to keep things afloat. The widow agrees on the condition that Rufus T. Firefly, played by Groucho Marx, take control and run the country. In the musical number that accompanies Firefly's first day in office, Groucho lets the audience know how things will run, singing lyrics such as 'The last man nearly ruined this place, he didn't know what to do with it / If you think this country's bad off now, just wait 'til I get through with it.' Firefly insults and angers Ambassador Trentino from the neighboring nation of Sylvania, which leads Freedonia into war.[3]
When the film was first released, the village of Fredonia, New York, complained about the possible negative impact the film might have on them. The Marx Brothers replied 'Change the name of your town. It is hurting our picture.'[3] The satirical depiction of Freedonia is said to have led Benito Mussolini to ban the film in Italy.[4]
1960s[edit]
In the 1960s, Woody Allen, working on Candid Camera, used Freedonia as a practical joke by asking passersby what they thought of the bid for independence for Freedonia.[citation needed]
1970s[edit]
In the film Jabberwocky (1977), Freedonia is one of the kingdoms conquered by the King Bruno the Questionable.[citation needed]
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1980s[edit]
The American game publisher FASA's name was originally supposed to stand for 'Freedonian Aeronautics and Space Administration.' In their first publication (a set of starship deck plans for the game Traveller), the accompanying introduction was signed 'Rufus T Firefly, Director'.[citation needed]
1990s[edit]
In the Sierra Entertainment PC game Quest for Glory II: Trial by Fire (1990), the character Ali Chica is a parody of Chico Marx. If a non-player character is asked about Ali Chica after his disappearance, the player is told that he went to Fredonia.[citation needed]
In the 1990s, the satirical magazine Spy pulled a practical joke on several members of the United States Congress. Impersonating a New York radio host (Henry Rose), the magazine successfully convinced several newcomers to Congress to comment on the 'ethnic cleansing' in Freedonia, without their realizing that Freedonia was a fictional country.[5]Nick Smith urged caution; James Talent supported action; Jay Inslee warned that inaction would be unacceptable.[5] The story drew commentary elsewhere.[6][7]
Principality of Freedonia[edit]
The Principality of Freedonia was a micronation based on libertarian principles. It was created as a 'hypothetical project' by a group of teenagers in the United States in 1992. The project was formalized as a new country project in 1997, which included attempts in 2001 to lease territory in Somaliland. The attempt to lease land was rejected.
2000s[edit]
Duck Soup is used as in-joke amongst characters portrayed as knowledgeable about the film in a Season 3 (2001–2002) episode of The West Wing, while another episode in Season 6 (2004–2005) recalls the general plot details of Duck Soup. In 'Enemies Foreign and Domestic', C.J. Cregg, Sam Seaborn, and Toby Ziegler are discussing the relevancy of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in a post-Soviet world. C.J., being briefed by Sam on a number of countries she has to mention as possible new candidates for NATO membership, wonders why Freedonia's being left out of the mix. She goes on to reference Groucho Marx by singing 'Hooray for Captain Spaulding' (which was his character in Animal Crackers) under her breath. When upbraided by Toby for not taking the briefing seriously, she asks why her attempt at humor is less valid than Sam's or his. Toby responds that he's heard her joke before, implying that he's seen Duck Soup. Determined that her Marx Brothers references be respected, she ends the sequences of references by offering to pay Toby $500 if he will sing 'Lydia the Tattooed Lady' (a song sung by J. Cheever Loophole (Groucho) in 'At the Circus'). During Season 6 the question of the 'situation in Freedonia' was asked of a candidate in a Senate debate, and after the candidate said he was studying it, there was no allowed time for the other candidates to challenge him about the existence of the country.
United Kingdom games 'Democracy' (2005) and 'Democracy 2' (2007) featured Freedonia as a playable country.[citation needed]
Alternative dating fall river ma. In the game Nancy Drew: The White Wolf of Icicle Creek (2007) the character Yanni Volkstaia is an Olympic skier from Fredonia.
In the Doctor Who episode 'The Shakespeare Code' (2007), the Doctor claims his companion Martha Jones is from Freedonia. He also claims this in the Doctor Who novel Sting of the Zygons (2007). Although the usage may be intended simply as a plausible name for a country of which the listener (William Shakespeare in the former case) has not heard, it is specifically linked to Duck Soup in at least one official reference work.[8]
2010s[edit]
In the Australian animated series The Flamin' Thongs (2014), the leader of Freedonia declares war on Australia after Holden Thong's soccer ball lands in his birthday cake and destroys it.
In the film Despicable Me 3 (2017), Gru's brother Dru lives in Freedonia, and the place was shown to have a cheese festival.
Use in general English[edit]
'Freedonia' is sometimes used in political editorials and news stories to illustrate a point about another, real country. Sometimes the point being made is that a particular country is so small or remote as to be unknown to its readers. Other times, the term may negatively connote that a real country is run by an autocratic leader who is out of step with his or her people. Still other times the author may simply use 'Freedonia' to mean 'a fictitious country for the purposes of illustration'.[9][10][11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1800s[edit]
As a name for the United States[edit]
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Dr Samuel Mitchill suggested that 'Fredonian' be used by citizens of the United States ('Fredon') after the American Revolution in place of the demonym 'American', which was then being used as a pejorative term by the metropolitan English to refer to 'their inferior and far-removed colonists'.[1] In Vol. VI, Part IV, of the Medical Repository, 1803, pp. 449–50, Mitchill, wrote the following under the heading of 'Medical and Philosophical News':
Proposal to the American literati, and to all the citizens of the United States, to employ the following names and epithets for the country and nation to which they belong; which, at the distance of 27 years from the declaration and of 20 years from the acknowledgment of their independence, are to this day destitute of proper geographical and political denominations, whereby they may be aptly distinguished from the other regions and peoples of the earth:
Fredon, the aggregate noun for the whole territory of the United States.
Fredonia, a noun of same import, for rhetorical and poetical use.
Fredonian, a sonorous name for 'a citizen of the United States'.
Frede, a short and colloquial name for 'a citizen of the United States'.
Fredish, an adjective to denote the relations and concerns of the United States
Example. Fredon is probably better supplied with the materials of her own history than Britain, France, or any country in the world, and the reason is obvious, for the attention of the Fredonians was much sooner directed, after their settlement, to the collection and preservations of their facts and records than that of the Dutch and Irish. Hence it will happen that the events of Fredish history will be more minutely known and better understood than those of Russian, Turkish, or Arabic. And thereby the time will be noted carefully when a native of this land, on being asked who he is and whence he came, began to answer in one word that he is a Frede, instead of using the tedious circumlocution that he was 'a citizen of the United States of America.' And in the like manner notice will be taken of the association of Fredonia and Macedonia and Caledonia as a word equally potent and melodious in sound.
Republic of Fredonia[edit]
In December 1826, a group of Anglo-American settlers and filibusters led by EmpresarioHaden Edwards in what is now Texas, declared the 'Republic of Fredonia' centered in the town of Nacogdoches. This was the first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico and form an independent state. The republic was short-lived however, lasting only from December 21, 1826 – January 23, 1827 when Mexican soldiers and Anglo militia men from Stephen F. Austin's colony put the rebellion down.[2]
1930s[edit]
In the Marx Brother's film Duck Soup, the tiny fictitious county of Freedonia ('Land of the Brave, and Free') is suffering from severe financial problems and government leaders request a loan from wealthy widow Mrs. Teasdale to keep things afloat. The widow agrees on the condition that Rufus T. Firefly, played by Groucho Marx, take control and run the country. In the musical number that accompanies Firefly's first day in office, Groucho lets the audience know how things will run, singing lyrics such as 'The last man nearly ruined this place, he didn't know what to do with it / If you think this country's bad off now, just wait 'til I get through with it.' Firefly insults and angers Ambassador Trentino from the neighboring nation of Sylvania, which leads Freedonia into war.[3]
When the film was first released, the village of Fredonia, New York, complained about the possible negative impact the film might have on them. The Marx Brothers replied 'Change the name of your town. It is hurting our picture.'[3] The satirical depiction of Freedonia is said to have led Benito Mussolini to ban the film in Italy.[4]
1960s[edit]
In the 1960s, Woody Allen, working on Candid Camera, used Freedonia as a practical joke by asking passersby what they thought of the bid for independence for Freedonia.[citation needed]
1970s[edit]
In the film Jabberwocky (1977), Freedonia is one of the kingdoms conquered by the King Bruno the Questionable.[citation needed]
West Dating In Fredonia Ct
1980s[edit]
The American game publisher FASA's name was originally supposed to stand for 'Freedonian Aeronautics and Space Administration.' In their first publication (a set of starship deck plans for the game Traveller), the accompanying introduction was signed 'Rufus T Firefly, Director'.[citation needed]
1990s[edit]
In the Sierra Entertainment PC game Quest for Glory II: Trial by Fire (1990), the character Ali Chica is a parody of Chico Marx. If a non-player character is asked about Ali Chica after his disappearance, the player is told that he went to Fredonia.[citation needed]
In the 1990s, the satirical magazine Spy pulled a practical joke on several members of the United States Congress. Impersonating a New York radio host (Henry Rose), the magazine successfully convinced several newcomers to Congress to comment on the 'ethnic cleansing' in Freedonia, without their realizing that Freedonia was a fictional country.[5]Nick Smith urged caution; James Talent supported action; Jay Inslee warned that inaction would be unacceptable.[5] The story drew commentary elsewhere.[6][7]
Principality of Freedonia[edit]
The Principality of Freedonia was a micronation based on libertarian principles. It was created as a 'hypothetical project' by a group of teenagers in the United States in 1992. The project was formalized as a new country project in 1997, which included attempts in 2001 to lease territory in Somaliland. The attempt to lease land was rejected.
2000s[edit]
Duck Soup is used as in-joke amongst characters portrayed as knowledgeable about the film in a Season 3 (2001–2002) episode of The West Wing, while another episode in Season 6 (2004–2005) recalls the general plot details of Duck Soup. In 'Enemies Foreign and Domestic', C.J. Cregg, Sam Seaborn, and Toby Ziegler are discussing the relevancy of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in a post-Soviet world. C.J., being briefed by Sam on a number of countries she has to mention as possible new candidates for NATO membership, wonders why Freedonia's being left out of the mix. She goes on to reference Groucho Marx by singing 'Hooray for Captain Spaulding' (which was his character in Animal Crackers) under her breath. When upbraided by Toby for not taking the briefing seriously, she asks why her attempt at humor is less valid than Sam's or his. Toby responds that he's heard her joke before, implying that he's seen Duck Soup. Determined that her Marx Brothers references be respected, she ends the sequences of references by offering to pay Toby $500 if he will sing 'Lydia the Tattooed Lady' (a song sung by J. Cheever Loophole (Groucho) in 'At the Circus'). During Season 6 the question of the 'situation in Freedonia' was asked of a candidate in a Senate debate, and after the candidate said he was studying it, there was no allowed time for the other candidates to challenge him about the existence of the country.
United Kingdom games 'Democracy' (2005) and 'Democracy 2' (2007) featured Freedonia as a playable country.[citation needed]
Alternative dating fall river ma. In the game Nancy Drew: The White Wolf of Icicle Creek (2007) the character Yanni Volkstaia is an Olympic skier from Fredonia.
In the Doctor Who episode 'The Shakespeare Code' (2007), the Doctor claims his companion Martha Jones is from Freedonia. He also claims this in the Doctor Who novel Sting of the Zygons (2007). Although the usage may be intended simply as a plausible name for a country of which the listener (William Shakespeare in the former case) has not heard, it is specifically linked to Duck Soup in at least one official reference work.[8]
2010s[edit]
In the Australian animated series The Flamin' Thongs (2014), the leader of Freedonia declares war on Australia after Holden Thong's soccer ball lands in his birthday cake and destroys it.
In the film Despicable Me 3 (2017), Gru's brother Dru lives in Freedonia, and the place was shown to have a cheese festival.
Use in general English[edit]
'Freedonia' is sometimes used in political editorials and news stories to illustrate a point about another, real country. Sometimes the point being made is that a particular country is so small or remote as to be unknown to its readers. Other times, the term may negatively connote that a real country is run by an autocratic leader who is out of step with his or her people. Still other times the author may simply use 'Freedonia' to mean 'a fictitious country for the purposes of illustration'.[9][10][11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Wood, Gordon. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815. Oxford History of the United States. 4. United States: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN978-0-19-503914-6.
- ^'Fredonian Rebellion'. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ^ ab'The New Pictures'. Time Magazine. Time Inc. 1933-11-20. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^Kanfer., Stefan (2001). Groucho: The Life and Times of Julius Henry Marx (reprint ed.). New York: Vintage (Random House). ISBN0-375-70207-5.
- ^ ab'Parliament of suckers: Spy says 'Welcome' to freshman Congress class.' Spy, 'July–August 1994'. (The dating is obscure. The story itself is dated February 1992. There is commentary on it dated early 1993.)
- ^'Brisk wind of change looks more like faint breeze after magazine's hoax' Sun Sentinel, January 27, 1993.
- ^Isn't Freedonia Next to Oz?, New York Times, 13 January 1993. Retrieved 12 January 2011
- ^Russell, Gary (2007). Doctor Who: The Encyclopedia – A Definitive Guide to Time and Space. London: BBC Books. pp. 69. ISBN978-1-84607-291-8.
- ^Williams, Ian (2007-05-01). 'Save Freedonia'. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^Freedonia on the Potomac
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-05-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) McNamee, Mike. 'Invest in Freedonia!' Business Week website.
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External links[edit]
West Dating In Fredonia Nj
- Duck Soup at IMDb
- Duck Soup at the TCM Movie Database
West Dating In Fredonia Ny
